1. Meaning and Definition of Physical Education
Physical Education is composed of two words Physical and Education. ‘Physical’ means body and
‘Education’ means modification of behaviour thus means Education through the medium of physical Activities. It aims on overall development of human being through participating in various games and sports activities. Modern Physical Education was started in 18 century in Germany. Where Physical Education was an integral part of School Curriculum, Since then many changes have taken place and various aspects have emerged with time.
1.1 Definitions of Physical Education:
In fact the basis of the physical education is difficult and very broad changing with time, its meaning also kept changing. Following time, its meaning: According to Charles A Bucher, "physical education is an integral sum part of the total education process and has its aim in the development of physically, mentally, emotionally and socially fit citizens through the medium of physical activities which have been selected with a view to realize these out comes.”
“Physical education is the sum of changes in the individual caused by
experience which can bring in motor activity.”
1.2 Aims and objectives of Physical Education :
Physical education has been defined in different ways by experts and institutes
in this field. These are as follows:
“Physical education is that phase of education which deals with big muscle
activites and their related responses.” —J.B. Nash
“Physical education is that phase of education which is concerned, first, with
the organisation and leadership of children, in big muscle activities, to gain the development and adjustment inherent in activities according to social standards, and second, with the control of health or growth conditions naturally associated with the leadership of the activities so that the educational process may go on without growth handicaps.” —Clark W. Hetherington
“Physical education is an integral part of the total educational process
and has as its aim the development of physically, mentally, emotionally, and socially fit citizens through the medium of physical activities which have been selected with view to realising these outcomes.” —
Charles A. Bucher
“Physical education is education through physical activities for the development
of the total personality of the child to its fullness and perfection in body, mind and spirit.” —Central Advisory Board of Physical Education and Recreation.
1.2 Aims and Objective of Physical Education:
Aim is the most ultimate one, i.e., all-round development of an individual. The
means and ways we adopt to achieve our aim are called objectives and those are:
» Physical development
» Mental development
» Social development
» Emotional development
» Spiritual development
Objectives :
1. Physical Development: The main objective of physical education is
physical development. Physical education is related to several physical
activities. When we do any physical activity, it effects our different body
systems— blood circulation, respiratory system, muscular system, digestive system, etc. It results in the development of the size and shape of organs. It is helpful to make body healthy and strong. If our body systems are fine and healthy, only then we shall be able to do our work efficiently and be safe from several disease like high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity and arthritis. For e.g., Running increases the heart rate
which helps the blood to flow efficiently through the whole body.
2. Mental Development: This objective is related to mental development.
There should be some activities in physical education which keep our
brain alert and concentrated. Now-a-days, physical education is not related
to physical exercises only but it also includes rules of game, principles, structures of body, personal cleanliness, etc. These physical activities
sharpen the brain. By taking part in physical activities a person learn to
tackle various situations. During sport many situations occur in which player takes his/her self-decision. So, this results in their mental development and decreases the stress level.
3. Social Development: This objective of physical education is related to
social skills which are helpful in coordination. During a competition, players of different region come together on single platform. So, they learn cooperation, support, respect, good sportsmanship, etc. through these skills, players can make their nation healthy and strong.
4. Emotional Development: The objective of physical education is to make
an individual emotionally develop through physical activity. A man is endowed with different emotions like happiness, jealousy hope, despair, joy, fear, loneliness, weal and woe, etc, If they do not control these emotions, these there will be no place for them in the society, which can be harmful for them. Physical education programme develop these
emotions and teach us to control them.
5. Spiritual Development: The objective of physical education for an
individual is to reflect time to evaluate their experiences to allow them
to build a positive mindset and promote progression.
1.3 Career Options in Physical Education
The opportunities in the field of physical education were teaching and training
only till 1990. There are ample employment opportunities for people in the field of physical education due to increase in interest towards training and increase in number of activities. There are two types of career options in physical
education. The first kind is related to teaching and training of physical
education. These are called traditional careers also. The second kind is related to the careers when emerge out of it related to health, management, sports performance and media. Their descriptions are as follow:
2. Competition in Various Sports at National and International Level
Introduction
:
India is home to a diverse population playing many different sports. Field Hockey
is the most successful sports for India at Olympics in which India has won eight Olympic gold medals. Cricket is most popular sport in India. Kabaddi is most popular indigenous sport in the country. Other popular sports in India are Athletics, Badminton, Judo, Football, Basketball, Chess, Shooting,
Wrestling, Boxing, Tennis, Squash, Weightlifting, Gymnastics and Table-
Tennis. Some indigenous sports like Kho - Kho and Kabaddi are very popular.
Some other sports were originated in India Such as Chess, Leg Cricket,
Snooker. etc. are also very popular. The National Games of India is a national domestic sports event organisation
which has been held in the country since 1924 and for developing multi-sports
culture in India. Khelo India School Games, an event for Under-17 School Kids, had been started from 2018 as its first edition. Political responsibility for sport in India is with the Ministry of Youth Affairs
and Sports, which is headed by a cabinet minister and managed by National
Sports Federations. The only major exception is the B C C I which is the administrative body of Cricket but not a NSF. Presently, there are more than
70 recognised National Sports Federations (NSF).
Sport Authority of India, the field arm of the ministry, supports and nurtures
talent in youth and provides them with requisite infrastructure, equipment, coaching, facilities and competition exposure. Sir Dorabji Tata with the support
of Dr. A.G.. Noehren established the Indian Olympic Association (I O A) in
1927. I O A is responsible for the Indian continents participation in the Olympic Games, Common wealth Games, Asian Games and South Asian Federation Games. Each Olympic and Non-Olympic Sport has a federation at the national
level.
Major Responsibilities of National Federations
:
1. To Select the National Teams.
2. To recommend the Indian Olympic Association (I O A) for official sponsorship.
3. To participate in games conducted under the auspicious of the International
Olympic Committee (IOC), Olympic Council of Asia (OCA), Commonwealth Games Federation (C G F) and South Asian Games (SAG) Federation.
4. To supervise the conduct of State Associations under them.
5. To promote the sport and maintain the decorum of the game.
6. To ensure coordination among state sports.
7. To prepare budget for respective sports.
8. To recommend the names for awards like Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award,
Arjuna Award and Dronacharya Award for excellence in sports.
9. To elect the governing body at regular period.
10. To follow the latest rules of intemational federations.
List of International Competitions
In the sport of athletics. international competitions between national teams can be
distinguished into four main types:
• Multi-sports events, commonly referred to as Games, where athletics events
form part of wider sporting programme.
• World championships. the primary competitions where all nations may
compete.
• Continental or regional championships, between nations of a specific
geographical area.
• Competitions where the invited nations or athletes have a shared language,
religion, ethnicity, occupation or political allegiance.
Physical education is a vast subject and it has been given importance
since ages. Modern friends have increased its importance as modern physical education stresses on balanced development of body and mind. It brings harmonious growth and development so that optimum health as well as good personality can be developed. Physical education is studied as regular subject at par with other academic subjects. The activities of physical education programmes are used by other academic subjects for better learning. This subject has been found to develop good health.
● Changing Trend and Career Chapter 1 Notes Class 12
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