Alternating current class 12 key concepts || A C class 12 key concepts || Alternating current formulas class 12 ||

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Diagonal Relationship between Beryllium and Aluminium || Relation between Beryllium and Aluminium

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  Diagonal Relationship between Beryllium and Aluminium The ionic radius of Beryllium (Be 2+) is estimated to be nearly 31 pm; the charge/radius ratio Or e/m ratio is nearly the same as that of the Al 3+ ion. Hence beryllium resembles aluminium in these ways. Some of the similarities are given below: » Like Aluminium, Beryllium(be) is not readily attacked by acids H+ donor because of the formation of an oxide film on the surface of the metal by reacting with oxygen, i.e. they are rendered passive by nitric acid. » Beryllium hydroxide[[Be(OH)4]2] dissolves in excess of alkali to give a beryllate ion, [ Be(OH)4]2– just as aluminium hydroxide[Al(OH)3] gives aluminate ion, [Al(OH)4] » The chlorides of metals beryllium and aluminium have Cl– bridged chloride structure in vapour phase. Both the chlorides are soluble in organic solvents and are strong as Lewis acids They are used as Friedel Craft catalysts. » Beryllium(Be) and aluminium(Al) ions have strong tendency to form complexes, (Be...
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PHYSICAL WORLD

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                      1. Introduction In this we will learn the full topic about physical world. To know about " What is physics " And about " Scopes of physics " Click on the above link. The word Science originates from the Latin word S c i e n t i a meaning ‘to know’ , ‘knowledge’. Science, in a broad sense, is as old as human species. The early civilisations of Egypt, India, China, Greece, Mesopotamia and many others made vital contributions to its progress. From the sixteenth century onwards, great strides were made in science in Europe. The interplay of theory and observation (or experiment) is basic to the progress of science. Science is ever dynamic. There is no ‘final’ theory in science and no unquestioned authority among scientists. As observations improve in detail and precision or experiments yield new results, theories must account for them, by introducing modifications.  The modifications may not be drastic and...
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WAVES

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                             1. INTRODUCTION In this topic we will study about the waves. A material medium provides   such an example. Here, elastic forces bind the constituents   to each other and, therefore, the motion of one affects that of   the other. If you drop a little pebble in a pond of still water,   the water surface gets disturbed. The disturbance does not   remain confined to one place, but propagates outward along a circle. If you continue dropping pebbles in the pond, you   see circles rapidly moving outward from the point where the   water surface is disturbed. It gives a feeling as if the water is   moving outward from the point of disturbance. If you put   some cork pieces on the disturbed surface, it is seen that the cork pieces move up and down but do not move away   from the centre of  disturbance. This shows...
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THE p-BLOCK ELEMENTS

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           1. Introduction   In p-block elements the last electron enters the outermost p orbital. As we know that the number of p orbitals is three  and, therefore, the maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in a set of p orbitals is six. Consequently there are six groups of p–block elements in the periodic table numbering from 13 to 18. Boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine and helium head the groups. Their valence shell electronic configuration is n s² np¹-6(except for He). The inner core of the electronic configuration may, however, differ. The difference in inner core of elements greatly influences their physical properties (such as atomic and ionic radii, ionisation enthalpy, etc.) as well as chemical  properties. Consequently, a lot of variation in properties of elements in a group of p-block is observed. The maximum oxidation state shown by a p-block element is equal to the total number of valence electrons (i.e.,...
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