Planning in Sports revision notes class 12 chapter 1 Physical education

                     Meaning and Objectives of Planning

Planning means to organize the activities in order to reach a particular goal. It is like deciding in advance, what is to be done, how it is to be done and by whom it is to be done.

Objectives of planning are as follows

(i) To reduce unnecessary pressure of immediacy.

(ii) To maintain good control over all the activities.

(iii) To reduce the chances of mistakes.

(iv) To increase efficiency.

(v) To enhance creativity

(vi) To ensure proper coordination.

(vii) To enhance sports performance.

Various Committees and their

Responsibilities

All sports and tournaments are planned by a General Committee, headed by an Administrative Director. The General Committee comprises Executive committees which organize events and are responsible for its success.

Some executive committees are given below

(i) Committee for Publicity To advertise the sports events.

(ii) Transport Committee: To make necessary arrangements for transportation of officials, competitors and guests.

(iii) Grounds and Equipment Committee: For proper upkeep of the venues and making the necessary equipment available.

(iv) Refreshments and Entertainment Committee Charge of supplying refreshments and drinks to the guests, officials, competitors, etc. It also makes arrangement for opening and closing ceremonies.

(v) Reception Committee To welcome the Chief Guest and the spectators at the opening and closing ceremonies.

(vi) Committee on Entries and Programmes This committee makes a list of entries and prepares fixtures of teams participating in the competition.

(vii) Committee for Officials Selects various officials such as referees, judges, umpires, etc.

(viii) Announcement Committee Makes all the announcements during the period of sports events.

(ix) First Aid Committee Provides first aid to the injured or affected athlete.

(x) Finance Committee It makes the budget and controls the expenses of a tournament.

(xi) Boarding and Lodging Committee Makes arrangements of accommodation and meals of athletes and officials.

(xii) Decoration and Ceremony Committee Makes arrangements of decoration of stadium, opening, victory and closing ceremonies, and trophies, medals and certificates.

           Pre, During and Post-meet Responsibilities of Committees

The entire arrangement and planning for a sports event is organised in three phases; pre, during and post-meet work. They are discussed below

# Pre-meet Responsibilities

Pre-meet responsibilities are as follows:

● To prepare the budget for organising the sports event.

● To prepare a schedule of programmes of the sports tournaments (date and venue) and inform the same to teams.

● To make arrangements of track/court, sports equipments, boarding and meals, and prizes and certificates for the tournaments.

● To form various committees and list their tasks accordingly.

# During meet Responsibilities

● To check that all the equipments and the places where sports events are held, are in proper condition.

● To keep a record of all the events, and winners.

● To check that the events are taking place as per schedule.

● To ensure proper arrangements during tournaments including refreshments, proper

announcements, first aid etc.

● To provide updated information to the electronic and print media.

# Post meet Responsibilities

● To check that the outstanding bills are paid.

● To prepare a report of income and expenses.

● To give away prizes and certificates to winners.

● To provide detailed results and other informations to the media.

● To present mementos to the chief guest.

                                              Tournaments

A tournament is a competition held between various teams in a particular activity, according to a fixed schedule in which a winner is decided.

Before organizing a tournament, it is very essential to prepare a good plan. There are various ways to organize a tournament.

                                     Types of Tournament

Some types of tournaments are discussed below:

# Knock-out or Elimination Tournaments

A Single elimination tournament or a Knock-out tournament is a type of elimination tournament where the losing team is immediately eliminated from the tournament.

Advantages of Knock-out Tournaments

Some advantages of Knock-out tournaments are as follows:

(i) Minimum number of officials are required.

(ii) Takes less time to complete the tournaments.

(iii) It helps in enhancing the standard of sports.

Disadvantages of Knock-out Tournaments

Some disadvantages of Knock-out tournaments are as follows:

(i) Good teams can get eliminated early.

(ii) Weak teams can enter the final round.

(iii) Spectators might lose interest.

# League or Round Robin Tournaments

A league tournament, also called as Round Robin tournament, is a type of tournament in which each team gets a chance to play with every other team at least once. In this type of tournament, there should be sufficient time to complete the tournament.

There are two types of league tournaments

(i) Single league 

(ii) Double league

(i) Single League Tournament: In a single league round robin schedule, each participant team meets every other participant team once. If each participant plays with others twice, it is called a Double league tournament. The league phase of the IPL tournament is one example of such a tournament.

Advantages of League Tournaments

Some advantages of league tournaments are as follows:

(i) Improves competitiveness and increases opportunities for winning, improving performance and showing efficiency.

(ii) It is easier for the sports officials to decide the winner.

(iii) A team does not need to wait to win against another team for playing a match and only strong teams get victory.

(iv) Sports are made popular with increasing matches.

Disadvantages of League Tournaments

Some disadvantages of league tournaments are as follows:

(i) It requires more money and time as more arrangements have to be made due to more number of matches.

(ii) Reduces moral of the lost team which affects sports performance.

# Combination Tournaments

Combination tournaments refer to tournaments that are held when the matches are to be played on group basis or zonal basis. These types of tournaments are held when a large number of participants are there or they are coming from different areas of the country. Usually the following combination of tournaments are used:

(i) Knock-out cum Knock-out

(ii) League cum League

(iii) Knock-out cum League

(iv) League cum Knock-out

                    Procedure to Draw Fixtures

Any tournament, whether it is knock-out or league, is arranged according to a set procedure which is known as fixture. For a knock-out tournament, the procedure to draw fixtures is through bye and seeding. For a league tournaments, the procedure to be draw fixtures is through staircase or cyclic method.

Fixture is the process of arranging the teams in systematic order in various groups for competition in a physical activity.

* Fixtures in Knock-out Tournament

In order to draw fixtures in a knock-out tournament, following principles need to be kept in mind

● Total numbers of team participating in the tournament.

● Total number of byes.

● The number of teams in each half or quarter.

● The number of byes to be given in each half or quarter.

● The number of rounds in the tournament.

● The total number of matches.

● In order to draw fixtures in a knock-out tournament, first it is essential to calculate.

(i) Total Number of Matches: The number of matches to be played during the entire tournament is calculated by subtracting 1 from total number of teams (N–1).

(ii) Number of Rounds: If the number of teams is a power of 2, then number of rounds will exactly be the power of 2 for that number. If the total number of teams is 16, then there will be 4 rounds (24=16) .

If number of teams is not a power of 2, then number of rounds will be equal to the next power of two.

For 21 teams, 5 rounds will be played as the next power of 2 is 32 (25 =32).

(iii) Number of Teams in Each Half: All the teams are divided into two halves for the sake of convenience.

If the number of teams is even, then the number of teams in upper and lower half will be equal. For instance, if the total number of teams are 20, then apply the formula N/2.

(iv) Number of Teams in Each Quarter: If the number of teams is odd, then they are divided into upper and lower halves.

Number of teams in the upper half can be calculated by (N + 1) /2.

Number of teams in the lower half can be calculated by (N - 1) /2.

Herein, N is the total number of teams.

                                  Methods for Drawing fixtures

In a Knock-out tournament, the fixtures are drawn by any of the following methods.

1. Bye Method

The Bye method is generally used when the total number of teams in a tournament is not a power of 2. A Bye is a kind of priviledge given to teams in the first round. The team receiving a Bye becomes a dummy team that directly plays in the second round.

The number of byes that should be given in a tournament is decided by finding the difference between the number of teams and the next power of two.

Example : If teams are 11, then the number of byes will be given by next power of

2 - 11.

24-16

16 11 - = 5

Hence, 5 byes will be given.

                               Method of Fixing Byes

The number of the teams are placed in upper and lower half according to the draw of lots. Then following procedure is adopted for fixing the byes.

● The last team of lower half gets first bye.

● The first team of upper half gets second bye.

● The first team of lower half gets third bye.

● The last team of upper half gets fourth bye.

● The process is followed till all Byes are given.

2. Seeding Method

The Seeding method is used in a Knock out tournament to prevent the elimination of strong teams in the preliminary round. Through this method, strong teams, on the basis of their previous performance, are kept at a set appropriate place in the fixture.

Method of Fixing Seeding

If two teams are to be seeded, then Ist team is kept on the top of the upper half and 2nd is kept in the last of the lower half.

Similarly, if 4 teams are to be seeded, the first two teams will be placed at aforementioned place and 3rd and 4th team will be kept on the top of the lower half and at the lowest place in upper half respectively.

Generally, the seeded teams are in the power of 2 i.e. 4, 8, 16 etc.

                                  Special Seeding

It is a method of seeding in which certain players or teams directly participate in the quarter final or semi-final matches.

Fixtures in League Tournaments

The three methods used for drawing up fixtures are

1. Staircase Method 

2. Cyclic Method

3. Tabular Method

1. Staircase Method

In this method, the fixtures are made first like a staircase. They are arranged in sequential form and has no concept of Bye.

Therefore, it is easiest to arrange.

Example : Draw up a fixture of 9 teams on Round Robin basis using staircase method.

Ans: The number of teams = 9

Thus, number of matches = N(N-1) / 2

= 9(9-1) /2

= 36 Matches

The fixture is given below

2. Cyclic Method

In this method, if the number of teams is even team 1 is fixed on the top right side and the other teams move in clockwise direction down one side and up on the other side. In such a case, the number of rounds will be N-1 if there are N teams participating. However, if the number of teams is odd a ‘bye’ is fixed at the top and all teams follow it in sequence. In such a case, the number of rounds will be N.

Example 1 Fixture of 6 teams using cyclic method.

Total number of teams = 6

Total number of matches = 15

Total number of rounds = N - 1 = 5

Example 2 Fixture of 5 teams on cyclic method.

Total number of teams = 5

Total number of matches = 10

Total number of rounds = 5

                              Deciding the Winner

The method to decide the winner in league tournaments is by calculating the percentage of matches won.

Percentage = (Matches won / Matches played) × 100

Normally, there are two points for every match won and zero for every match lost. But in case of a draw, each team is given one point. However there can be several other ways of calculating the winner.