Test and Measurement in Sports Revision notes Chapter 6 class 12 Physical education

 In physical education, there is a need to test content knowledge, fitness levels, motor skills as well as

attitudes related to physical activity. Many types of

tests may be effectively utilised in physical education.

Before conducting a test, the measurements for the

test are fixed. These measurements are quantitative in

nature and can be related to size, height, weight, vital

capacity, achievements, etc.

Motor Fitness Test

Motor fitness refers to the capability of an athlete to

perform effectively during sports or physical activity.

This test has the following seven items

1. 50 M Standing Start

● Purpose To determine acceleration and speed of an

athlete.

● Procedure The student is asked to run 50 metres

from a starting line and the time is recorded nearest to

one-tenths of a second.

2. 600 M Run/Walk

● Purpose To measure endurance by running/walking

to the longest distance.

● Procedure The student is asked to run and/or

walk for 600 metres and the time is recorded in

minutes and seconds.

3. Sit and Reach

● Purpose This test measures the flexibility of the

lower back and hamstring muscles.

● Procedure This test involves sitting on the floor

with legs stretched out straight ahead.

The soles of the feet should be placed flat against

the box. Both knees should be locked and

pressed flat to the floor.

With the palms facing downwards and the hands on

the top of each other or side by side, the student

should reach forward along the measuring line as far

as possible.

4. Partial Curl Up

● Purpose This test measures abdominal strength

and endurance.

● Procedure The student lies in supine pose on

cushioned surface. The kness should be flexed

and feet should be 12 inches from the buttocks.

Both the feet should be slightly apart.

Arms should be extended and rested on thighs.

Head should be in neutral position. This is the

starting position.

Then, the student curls up with a slow controlled

movement, until his/her shoulders come off the

cushioned surface or mat two inches, then back down

again.

5. Push Ups (Boys)

● Purpose This test measures upper body strength

and endurance.

● Procedure The student is required to take

position after proper warming up. In a push up

position, hands and toes should touch the

mat/floor. Hands should be shoulder width apart.

The upper body and legs should be in a straight

line. Elbow should be fully extended keeping the

back and knees straight.

Student should lower the upper body, so that elbows

may bend to 90 degrees or chest may touch the

mat/floor.

Modified Push Ups (Girls)

● Purpose This test is used to measure upper

body strength and endurance.

● Procedure Hands and knees should touch the

mat/floor.

Both hands should be shoulder width apart and

eblows fully extended. The body from the knees,

to the hips and to the shoulders should be in a

straight line.

Student should lower the upper body, so that the

elbows may bend to 90 degrees.

6. Standing Broad Jump

● Purpose To measure leg strength.

Procedure The student is asked to stand behind the

restraining line with feet apart and he/she bends the

knees and swings arms before jumping. The youth

lands on both feet together. The best of three trials is

recorded as the final score.

7. 4 10 ´ M Shuttle Run

● Purpose To measure speed and agility.

● Procedure Two parallel lines are marked 3

meters in length, 10 meters apart and two wooden

blocks are kept on one side of a marked line.

The student stands behind the line opposite to

where wooden blocks are placed.

At the start signal, the youth runs towards the

wooden block and picks up one of them and

carries it back to the line from where the test

started.

Then he/she places it behind the line, runs back, picks

up the second block and carries back to the starting

line. The total distance to be covered is 40m.

Measurement of Cardiovascular Fitness

Cardiovascular fitness is the ability of the heart and

lungs to supply oxygen rich blood to the working

muscle tissues and the ability of the muscles to use

oxygen to produce energy for movements. This type of

fitness is required to sustain physical activity and is

essential for performing aerobic activities.

Harvard Step Test

This test is also known as Aerobic Fitness test. It was

developed by Brouha and others in 1943. It is used to

measure the cardiovascular fitness or aerobic fitness

by checking the recovery rate.

Equipment Required Bench 20 inches high, for men

and 16 inches for women, stopwatch and cadence tape.

Procedure

The athlete stands in front of the bench or box. On the

command ‘Go’ the athlete steps up and down on the

bench or box at a rate of 30 steps per minute for 5

minutes.

After that the athlete sits down immediately after 5

minutes. The total number of heartbeats are counted

between 1 to 1.5 minutes after completion of the last

step. The heartbeats are counted for 30 seconds

period. This is done three times and the data is noted.

The same foot must start the step up each time, and an

erect posture must be assumed on the bench.

Rockport Test

This test also known as Rockport One Mile Test or

Rockport Fitness Walking Test is used for testing

cardiovascular fitness. It requires minimal equipment

and is easy for middle-aged and older adults. This test

tells us about the aerobic fitness of a sedentary

individual. The objective of this test is to check or

observe the development of the individual’s VO2 max

or maximum volume of oxygen.

Equipment Required 400m track, stopwatch and

weighing scale.

Procedure While conducting or administering this test,

it should be a windless day. First of all, take the body

weight of the individual on a perfect weighing machine.

The weight should be taken with minimum clothes on

body of the individual. The individual has to run the distance of one mile i.e., 1,609 metres in minimum

time. So, record the time of one mile with a stopwatch.

Immediately after finishing the one mile walk/run,

record the heart rate (beats per minute) with manual or

monitor method.

Computation of Fitness Index

The fitness index is a method to measure the

cardiovascular fitness. It is useful in Harvard Step Test.

After computing the fitness index, the results can be

compared for further studies.

To calculate the fitness index, the number of heartbeats

per minute is required in three phases.

Fitness index is computed using the following formula

Rikli and Jones– Senior Citizen Fitness

Test

Rikli and Jones prepared various physical fitness tests

for senior citizens in 2001. Also known as Fullerton

Functional Test, this test helps in early identification of

at-risk factors. It includes various tests that are

discussed below

1. Chair Stand Test For Lower Body Strength

The main purpose of this test is to measure the lower

body strength, particularly the strength of legs.

Equipment Required: A chair with a straight back and

a seat of at least 44 cm and a stopwatch.

Procedure: Keep the chair against the wall. The

participant sits in the middle of the seat. His feet should

be shoulder width apart and flat on the floor. The arms

should be crossed at the wrists and held close to the

chest. From the sitting position, the participant should

stand up completely and then sit down completely at

the start of the signal. This is repeated for 30 seconds.

Count the total number of complete chair stands.

2. Arm Curl Test For Upper Body Strength

The arm curl test is a test to measure the upper body

strength and endurance. It is designed to test the

functional fitness of aged people.

Equipment Required: A 5-pound weight for women

and a 8-pound weight for men, a chair without arms

and a stopwatch.

Procedure: Arm curl is performed with the dominant

arm side. The participant sits on the chair, holds the

weight in the hand with the palms should be facing

towards the body. The arm should be in a vertically

downward position. The upper arm should not move

but lower arm should move freely. Curl the arm up through a complete range of motion gradually keeping

the palm up. When the arm is lowered through the

complete range of motion, gradually return to the

starting position. The arm should be completely bent

and then completely straightened at the elbow. This

complete action should be repeated by the participant

as many times as possible within 30 seconds.

3. Chair Sit and Reach Test For Lower Body

Flexibility

It is performed to assess the lower body flexibility.

Equipment required: Ruler, a chair with straight back

approximately 44 cm high.

Procedure: The participant sits on the edge of the

chair. One foot should remain flat on the floor while the

other leg should be extended forward with the knee in

straight position. Heel should be on the floor and ankle

should be bent at 90°. Place one hand on the top of the

other with tips of the middle fingers at the same level.

Instruct the participant to inhale and then as he

exhales, reach forward towards the toes by bending at

the hip. His back should be straight and head up keep

the knee straight and hold the reach for 2 seconds. The

distance is measured between the tip of the finger tips

and the toes.

4. Back Scratch Test For Upper Body Flexibility

This test helps to assess the upper body (shoulder)

flexibility.

Equipment Required: A ruler.

Procedure: This test is performed in a standing

position. Keep one hand behind the head and lower it

down gradually over the shoulder and reach as far as

possible at the middle of your back. Your palm should

touch your body and the fingers should be downwards.

Then carry your other arm behind your back with palm

facing outward and fingers facing upward and try to

reach up as far as possible in order to touch or overlap

the middle finger of the other hand. Fingers should be

aligned. Measure the distance between the tips of the

fingers.

5. Eight Foot Up and Go Test For Agility

This test is conducted to assess coordination and

agility in aged people. It also helps to evaluate speed,

agility and balance of a person while moving.

Equipment Required: A chair with straight back (about

44 cm high), a stopwatch, cone marker, measuring

tape and an area without any hindrances.

Procedure: Keep a chair next to the wall and place the

cone marker 8 feet away in front of the chair. The

participant is initially completely seated, hands resting

on the knees and feet flat on the ground. On the

command ‘Go‘, stopwatch is switched and the

participant stands and walks as quickly as possible

towards the cone, turns around and returns to the chair

to sit down. Time is noted as he sits down on the chair.

6. Six-minute Walk Test For Aerobic

Endurance

It is designed to test the functional aerobic fitness or

endurance of senior citizens.

Equipment Required: A measuring tape, a stopwatch.

Procedure: The walking distance or course is marked

i.e., 45.72 m or 50 yards in a rectangular area (20 ´ 5

yards) of 5 yards with cones placed at regular intervals

to indicate the distance covered. Efforts are made to

walk maximum distance as quickly as possible in six

minutes.